There are two main types of hypersonic weaponry: (1) hypersonic cruise missiles (HCMs) and (2) hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs). Both systems are designed to impact targets from long distances with high maneuverability. Hypersonic weapon systems can carry both nuclear and conventional payloads [1].
There are several differences in path trajectory between HCMs and HGVs. HCMs follow a low‑altitude path, while HGVs follow a path that is higher in altitude with frequent dips due to the glide phase. HCMs reach an altitude between 20 and 30 km, while HGVs fly at an altitude between 40 and 100 km. Ballistic missiles travel on a consistent path above the atmosphere, while the two hypersonic systems travel on a flexible path at lower altitudes within the atmosphere [1].
Figure 1. A Comparison Between the Altitudes of Ballistic Missiles, HGVs, and HCMs
(Source: U.S. Government Accountability Office).
After the booster burns out, HCMs can maintain hypersonic speeds because of scram jets (high‑speed air engines) that continue to propel the missile midflight. The specific shape of an HGV is intended to create lift, allowing the system to change trajectory and making it harder for air‑defense systems to target [1].
Both hypersonic systems utilize fins, rudders, and other various control systems to optimize maneuverability during flight. The advantage of being able to change direction during flight makes hypersonic weapons very difficult to track and defend against [1, 2].